Aodhán Gallagher - Recent changes [en]

Masters Project

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:31:11 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:31, 23 September 2026
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	The optimisation algorithm used is the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) implemented in Octave by Nikolaus Hansen. It creates a set of parameters to be evaluated by the objective function, it passes these parameters along with some static inputs to the objective function.		The optimisation algorithm used is the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) implemented in Octave by Nikolaus Hansen. It creates a set of parameters to be evaluated by the objective function, it passes these parameters along with some static inputs to the objective function.
	[[File:overviewFlowChart.png\|300px\|centre]]		[[File:overviewFlowChart.png\|300px\|centre]]
	~~[[File:bezier.jpg\|thumb\|Bezier Parsec Geometry Paremeterisation system used]]~~
	The objective function takes a set of input parameters from the optimiser and returns their performance. The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier Parsec parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry.		The objective function takes a set of input parameters from the optimiser and returns their performance. The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier Parsec parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry.

			==== Interactive Bezier Parsec Aerofoil Generator ====
	<div id="aerofoil-tool"></div>		<div id="aerofoil-tool"></div>
	The objective then runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated. The CFD simulation uses a tool called SnappyHexMesh that creates a mesh with automatic refinement around the aerofoils, including creating surface layers on the aerofoil to ensure the simulation correctly models the boundary layer. The model uses the SimpleFOAM soliving utility, it is a steady state, incompressible flow solver using the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm. The k-ω SST turbulence model is also used with the solver.		The objective then runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated. The CFD simulation uses a tool called SnappyHexMesh that creates a mesh with automatic refinement around the aerofoils, including creating surface layers on the aerofoil to ensure the simulation correctly models the boundary layer. The model uses the SimpleFOAM soliving utility, it is a steady state, incompressible flow solver using the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm. The k-ω SST turbulence model is also used with the solver.

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.js

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:27:02 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:27, 23 September 2026
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	number.value = value;		number.value = value;
	values[p.key] = value;		values[p.key] = value;
	~~valueSpan.textContent = value.toFixed(Math.max(0, decimalPlaces(p.step)));~~
	};		};

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	setValue(p.value);		setValue(p.value);
	inputs[p.key] = range;		inputs[p.key] = range;
	~~valueLabels[p.key] = valueSpan;~~

	row.appendChild(label);		row.appendChild(label);

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.css

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:26:20 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 23 September 2026
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	}		}

	~~.aerofoil-value {~~
	~~displace: none;~~
	~~text-align: right;~~
	~~font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;~~
	~~color: #54595d;~~
	}

	.aerofoil-actions {		.aerofoil-actions {

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.js

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:26:10 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 23 September 2026
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	number.className = 'aerofoil-number';		number.className = 'aerofoil-number';

	~~const valueSpan = document.createElement('span');~~
	~~valueSpan.className = 'aerofoil-value';~~

	const setValue = (raw) => {		const setValue = (raw) => {
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	row.appendChild(range);		row.appendChild(range);
	row.appendChild(number);		row.appendChild(number);
	~~row.appendChild(valueSpan);~~
	controls.appendChild(row);		controls.appendChild(row);
	});		});

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.css

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:24:28 GMT

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 .aerofoil-control {
      display: grid;
-     grid-template-columns: 35px minmax(100px, 1fr) 70px;
+     grid-template-columns: 150px minmax(120px, 1fr) 84px 68px;
      align-items: center;
-     gap: 0.4rem;
+     gap: 0.55rem;
+}
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
+}
 .aerofoil-actions {
@@ Line 153: / Line 159: @@
          display: none;
+     }
+}

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.js

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:20:06 GMT

Show changes

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.css

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:15:33 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:15, 23 September 2026
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	.aerofoil-control {		.aerofoil-control {
	display: grid;		display: grid;
	grid-template-columns: ~~150px~~ minmax(~~120px~~, 1fr) ~~84px 68px~~;		grid-template-columns: 35px minmax(100px, 1fr) 70px;
	align-items: center;		align-items: center;
	gap: 0.~~55rem~~;		gap: 0.4rem;
	}		}

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	}		}

	~~.aerofoil-value {~~
	~~text-align: right;~~
	~~font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;~~
	~~color: #54595d;~~
	}

	.aerofoil-actions {		.aerofoil-actions {

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.js

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:11:59 GMT

Aerofoil Designer

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 10:05:47 GMT

Created page with "<div id="aerofoil-tool"></div>"

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MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 09:58:05 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 23 September 2026
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	* AerofoilDesigner [ default ] \| AerofoilDesigner.js \| AerofoilDesigner.css		* AerofoilDesigner[ResourceLoader\|default]\|AerofoilDesigner.js\|AerofoilDesigner.css

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.css

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 09:48:11 GMT

Show changes

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.js

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 09:47:41 GMT

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Masters Project

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 09:44:54 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:44, 23 September 2026
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	[[File:bezier.jpg\|thumb\|Bezier Parsec Geometry Paremeterisation system used]]		[[File:bezier.jpg\|thumb\|Bezier Parsec Geometry Paremeterisation system used]]
	The objective function takes a set of input parameters from the optimiser and returns their performance. The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier Parsec parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry.		The objective function takes a set of input parameters from the optimiser and returns their performance. The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier Parsec parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry.
			<div id="aerofoil-tool"></div>
	The objective then runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated. The CFD simulation uses a tool called SnappyHexMesh that creates a mesh with automatic refinement around the aerofoils, including creating surface layers on the aerofoil to ensure the simulation correctly models the boundary layer. The model uses the SimpleFOAM soliving utility, it is a steady state, incompressible flow solver using the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm. The k-ω SST turbulence model is also used with the solver.		The objective then runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated. The CFD simulation uses a tool called SnappyHexMesh that creates a mesh with automatic refinement around the aerofoils, including creating surface layers on the aerofoil to ensure the simulation correctly models the boundary layer. The model uses the SimpleFOAM soliving utility, it is a steady state, incompressible flow solver using the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm. The k-ω SST turbulence model is also used with the solver.
	[[File:Mesh.png\|500px\|centre]]		[[File:Mesh.png\|500px\|centre]]

MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 09:44:21 GMT

Created page with "* AerofoilDesigner [ default ] | AerofoilDesigner.js | AerofoilDesigner.css"

New page

* AerofoilDesigner [ default ] | AerofoilDesigner.js | AerofoilDesigner.css

MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.css

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 09:44:06 GMT

Created blank page

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MediaWiki:Gadget-AerofoilDesigner.js

Aodhan — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 09:43:21 GMT

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KISC

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 18:01:55 GMT

Created page with "Kandersteg International Scout Centre is the only world scout centre. Located in the village of Kandersteg in the Swiss alps it has more than 12,000 scouts from all around the world stay every Summer. The staff are all volunteers from usually over 40 different countries so it is a truly international working environment. === Snow and Ice Guide === ''Summer 2026'' As a Snow and Ice Guide I brought scouts up to the Bluemisalp where we would stay in an alpine hut and then..."

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Kandersteg International Scout Centre is the only world scout centre. Located in the village of Kandersteg in the Swiss alps it has more than 12,000 scouts from all around the world stay every Summer. The staff are all volunteers from usually over 40 different countries so it is a truly international working environment.

=== Snow and Ice Guide ===
''Summer 2026''

As a Snow and Ice Guide I brought scouts up to the Bluemisalp where we would stay in an alpine hut and then go on a glacier on the Bluemisalp Gletcher. Alongside this I ran other hikes, climbing activities and everything in between.

=== Reception Assistant ===
''Summer 2024''

As a reception assistant I worked in the front office with the centre helping guests with their enquiries and making bookings. This required a very keen attention to detail as bookings could be for hundreds of people, with meals, different dietary requirements, different activities etc.

During my time as reception assistant I used the centre's booking software to get the data on all the bookings from the last 10 years. There was a large drop off in the number of different countries there were bookings from. We attributed this to closing all bookings for the summer a few months in advance. This meant that larger groups that would come more regularly typically from the UK, Ireland, Portugal, Spain etc would have made their bookings before the cutoff. However smaller groups of Scouts travelling around who are often from a wider variety of countries would typically not have made plans that far in advance and we were turning them away. This resulted in much less diversity in the bookings we were receiving. As a result we changed the booking system to ensure we would still have space to accomodate these smaller later booking groups.

=== Climbing Guide ===
''Summer 2023''

Mountaineering Club

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 17:42:53 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:42, 22 September 2026
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	The University of Galway Mountaineering Club is one of the oldest and the largest club in the University. Founded in 1970 it has more than 400 paid members every year. The club organises weekly hikes in Connemara and operates the climbing wall in the Kingfisher Gym on the University Campus. The club organises several trips every year typically one main trip a semester to somewhere in Ireland or to Wales. With additional trips being organised some years such as Winter trips to Scotland and smaller trips around Ireland.		The University of Galway Mountaineering Club is one of the oldest and the largest club in the University. Founded in 1970 it has more than 400 paid members every year. The club organises weekly hikes in Connemara and operates the climbing wall in the Kingfisher Gym on the University Campus. The club organises several trips every year typically one main trip a semester to somewhere in Ireland or to Wales. With additional trips being organised some years such as Winter trips to Scotland and smaller trips around Ireland.

	The club also organises the Maamturks Challenge which is one of the most popular hillwalking events in the country. This is organised by a subcommittee which I have also been on and led several times.		The club also organises the [[Maamturks Challenge]] which is one of the most popular hillwalking events in the country. This is organised by a subcommittee which I have also been on and led several times.

	== Committee Roles ==		== Committee Roles ==
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	=== Climbing Vice Captain ===		=== Climbing Vice Captain ===
	''2023-2024''		''2023-2024''
			[[File:Donegal.jpg\|thumb\|Setting up outdoor climbs in Donegal]]
	The Climbing VC is responsible for all climbing in the club. This primarily involves managing the climbing wall which includes		The Climbing VC is responsible for all climbing in the club. This primarily involves managing the climbing wall which includes
	* Organising training of new members		* Organising training of new members
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	== Other volunteering in the club ==		== Other volunteering in the club ==
	=== Hike Leader ===		=== Hike Leader ===
	[[File:Hiking.jpg\|thumb]]		[[File:Hiking.jpg\|thumb\|Leading a hike on Mweelrea in Mayo]]
	As a hike leader I regularly led a group of other people on the weekly club hikes. The hikes can be in very challenging terrain and weather and we have to be able to navigate, manage the group and make sure everyone is still having a good time. I am currently working towards my Mountain Leader Award which is the official qualification to guide hiking professionally in the UK and Ireland.		As a hike leader I regularly led a group of other people on the weekly club hikes. The hikes can be in very challenging terrain and weather and we have to be able to navigate, manage the group and make sure everyone is still having a good time. I am currently working towards my Mountain Leader Award which is the official qualification to guide hiking professionally in the UK and Ireland.

File:Donegal.jpg

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 17:40:04 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:Donegal.jpg

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Mountaineering Club

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 17:39:09 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:39, 22 September 2026
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	=== Captain ===		=== Captain ===
			[[File:DorsalArete.jpeg\|thumb\|Me climbing Dorsal Arete in Scotland]]
	''2025-2026''		''2025-2026''

File:DorsalArete.jpeg

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 17:38:10 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:DorsalArete.jpeg

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Mountaineering Club

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 17:36:55 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:36, 22 September 2026
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	== Other volunteering in the club ==		== Other volunteering in the club ==
	=== Hike Leader ===		=== Hike Leader ===
			[[File:Hiking.jpg\|thumb]]
	As a hike leader I regularly led a group of other people on the weekly club hikes. The hikes can be in very challenging terrain and weather and we have to be able to navigate, manage the group and make sure everyone is still having a good time. I am currently working towards my Mountain Leader Award which is the official qualification to guide hiking professionally in the UK and Ireland.		As a hike leader I regularly led a group of other people on the weekly club hikes. The hikes can be in very challenging terrain and weather and we have to be able to navigate, manage the group and make sure everyone is still having a good time. I am currently working towards my Mountain Leader Award which is the official qualification to guide hiking professionally in the UK and Ireland.

File:Hiking.jpg

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 17:33:15 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:Hiking.jpg

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Mountaineering Club

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 17:33:03 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:33, 22 September 2026
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	I also took minutes for the weekly committee meeting as well as assisting other committee members with their responsibilities.		I also took minutes for the weekly committee meeting as well as assisting other committee members with their responsibilities.

	== Webmaster ==		== Other volunteering in the club ==
			=== Hike Leader ===

			As a hike leader I regularly led a group of other people on the weekly club hikes. The hikes can be in very challenging terrain and weather and we have to be able to navigate, manage the group and make sure everyone is still having a good time. I am currently working towards my Mountain Leader Award which is the official qualification to guide hiking professionally in the UK and Ireland.

			=== Climbing Instructor ===

			As a Climbing Instructor I taught lessons or did assessments multiple evenings every week teaching the basic skills of climbing as well as more advanced lessons. I have my Rock Climbing Instructor award which is the professional quailification to guide indoor or outdoor rock climbing in the UK and Ireland.

			=== Webmaster ===

	As an additional voluntary role I have been part of the team responsible for maintaining and developing the clubs digital presence. We have a number of websites/web services that are all self hosted:		As an additional voluntary role I have been part of the team responsible for maintaining and developing the clubs digital presence. We have a number of websites/web services that are all self hosted:

Maamturks Challenge

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 15:03:34 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 22 September 2026
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	* Making risk assessments, event management plans, and working with the sports unit and university insurance to reduce liability		* Making risk assessments, event management plans, and working with the sports unit and university insurance to reduce liability
	* Preparing a budget for the event and keeping track of the event's accounts		* Preparing a budget for the event and keeping track of the event's accounts
	~~And so many more small jobs that all add up!~~

	I think this has taught and really put to the test so many skills such as		I think this has taught and really put to the test so many skills such as

Maamturks Challenge

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 11:02:34 GMT

Created page with "First ran in 1975, the Maamturks Challenge has been a focal point of hillwalking in Ireland for over 50 years. 250 Participants are required to complete a full transverse of the famous Maamturks mountain range, a notoriously barren and rock terrain. With ridges, cliffs and numerous valleys, participants of the walk are generally some of the most experienced hillwalkers Ireland has to offer. The Challenge is unique in that it is organised by a student mountaineering club..."

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First ran in 1975, the Maamturks Challenge has been a focal point of hillwalking in Ireland for over 50 years. 250 Participants are required to complete a full transverse of the famous Maamturks mountain range, a notoriously barren and rock terrain. With ridges, cliffs and numerous valleys, participants of the walk are generally some of the most experienced hillwalkers Ireland has to offer.

The Challenge is unique in that it is organised by a student mountaineering club, as opposed to the same committee every year.

I have been on the Subcommittee for organising the challenge for 4 years, one of which I was the volunteer coordinator and two of which I was in charge of the subcommittee
There are a lot of logistics in organising the challenge from
* Organising and purchasing the necessary equipment for each of the 8 checkpoints on the mountains along with the start, registration, control and 3 finishes
* Booking the hotel, pub, community centre and hostel needed for the finish, registration, control and volunteer accomodation
* Managing the online registration and the participant admin
* Organising T-shirts for participants and volunteers
* Recruiting 45 volunteers and coordinating where and when they need to be places, and how to get them there.
* Responding to any enquiries from participants
* Making risk assessments, event management plans, and working with the sports unit and university insurance to reduce liability
* Preparing a budget for the event and keeping track of the event's accounts
And so many more small jobs that all add up!

I think this has taught and really put to the test so many skills such as
* Project Management
* Managing a team of volunteers
* Event management
* Financial management
* Problem solving
* Critical decision making - I've had to make the difficult decision to cancel the event twice due to bad weather

Mountaineering Club

Aodhan — Tue, 22 Sep 2026 10:48:59 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 22 September 2026
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	=== Captain ===		=== Captain ===
	''2025-2026''		''2025-2026''
	~~The Captain is responsible for ensuring the whole club runs smoothly, leading the rest of the committee and as a liason with the sports unit.~~

	I learnt a lot about managing a team in this role and how to create an environment that is fun and welcoming for everyone to work together as a team.		The Captain is responsible for ensuring the whole club runs smoothly, leading the rest of the committee and as a liason with the sports unit. I learnt a lot about managing a team in this role and how to create an environment that is fun and welcoming for everyone to work together as a team. The Club grew a lot during my time as captain both in membership and the activities that we organised. We organised two international trips, one to wales and a winter trip to Scotland for the first time in more than 10 years.

	=== Equipment Officer ===		=== Equipment Officer ===
	''2024-2025''		''2024-2025''

	The Equipment Officer inspects, maintains, replaces and procures all the club's equipment. This is especially important for climbing equipment which is critical to safety. As equipment officer I set up a new selfhosted database that allows equipment to be signed out to people with it automatically sending email notifications to the borrower. It allows the history of the equipment to be tracked such as when it was bought, who used it and when and the equipment's current condition.		The Equipment Officer inspects, maintains, replaces and procures all the club's equipment. This is especially important for climbing equipment which is critical to safety. As equipment officer I set up a new selfhosted database that allows equipment to be signed out to people with it automatically sending email notifications to the borrower. It allows the history of the equipment to be tracked such as when it was bought, who used it and when and the equipment's current condition.

File:InputsFlapA.png

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 15:08:37 GMT

Aodhan uploaded a new version of File:InputsFlapA.png

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Masters Project

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 15:06:29 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:06, 21 September 2026
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	The first optimisation that I ran was optimising the flap angle and position with a fixed main angle of attack. The optimiser trended towards geometry that created unsteady flow behind the flap that the solver was unable to converge on invalidating the results. This was overcome by adding penalties to the objective function for when the geometry does not converge. This allowed the optimiser to converge on this geometry with a lift coefficient of 2.2.		The first optimisation that I ran was optimising the flap angle and position with a fixed main angle of attack. The optimiser trended towards geometry that created unsteady flow behind the flap that the solver was unable to converge on invalidating the results. This was overcome by adding penalties to the objective function for when the geometry does not converge. This allowed the optimiser to converge on this geometry with a lift coefficient of 2.2.

			[[File:FlapA.png\|500px\|centre]]
			[[File:InputsFlapA.png\|500px\|centre]]

	The main element angle of attack was added as an additional degree of freedom to the problem. The toolchain originally converged on a geometry with the flap in front of the main element and with a lower <math>C_L</math>. This shows that CMAES is susceptible to selecting the wrong initial basin in its search and can struggle to switch. By increasing the optimisers population size and more careful constraints the optimiser created the geometry shown which has a much higher <math>C_L</math> of 2.6.		The main element angle of attack was added as an additional degree of freedom to the problem. The toolchain originally converged on a geometry with the flap in front of the main element and with a lower <math>C_L</math>. This shows that CMAES is susceptible to selecting the wrong initial basin in its search and can struggle to switch. By increasing the optimisers population size and more careful constraints the optimiser created the geometry shown which has a much higher <math>C_L</math> of 2.6.

	I ran the toolchain to optimise the shape of the main aerofoil and the flap angle and position. It resulted in a design with a coefficient of lift of 3.3 and a relatively high coefficient of drag of 0.16. It has arranged the elements in a similar way to the previous optimisation but it has created the very blunt trailing edge which helps develop the wake. In some optimisations I ran for the glide ratio it instead created an extremely sharp trailing edge		[[File:MainAflapAP.png\|500px\|centre]]

			I ran the toolchain to optimise the shape of the main aerofoil and the flap angle and position. It resulted in a design with a coefficient of lift of 3.3 and a relatively high coefficient of drag of 0.16. It has arranged the elements in a similar way to the previous optimisation but it has created the very blunt trailing edge which helps develop the wake. In some optimisations I ran for the glide ratio it instead created an extremely sharp trailing edge.

			[[File:4882velocity.png\|500px\|centre]]

	The flow at the top of the leading edge is very fast at more than 2.5 times the freestream velocity, it also has a bump in the camber line on the main element where the flow detaches from the element on the top surface. The gap is between the two elements is slightly bigger than the previous optimisation resulting in a thicker flow over the flap.		The flow at the top of the leading edge is very fast at more than 2.5 times the freestream velocity, it also has a bump in the camber line on the main element where the flow detaches from the element on the top surface. The gap is between the two elements is slightly bigger than the previous optimisation resulting in a thicker flow over the flap.
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	When the trailing edge thickness was decreased it created unsteady flow. This indicates that the thicker trailing edge may also be allowing the aerofoil to create a high coefficient of lift while avoiding creating an unsteady flow. It does this by having a sharp edge at the end of the upper surface that causes keeps the flow from detaching until it reaches this corner. The earlier detaching of flow with the thin trailing edge results in a more horizontal wake This wake then isn’t able to keep the flow from the gap between the elements pressed along the flap. This then causes that flow to separate from the flap creating the instability. This shows that the more downward wake of the thick trailing edge main element helps ensure that the flow through the gap remains attached to the flap, allowing the flap to be at a more aggressive angle while avoiding unstable flow, increasing the coefficient of lift.		When the trailing edge thickness was decreased it created unsteady flow. This indicates that the thicker trailing edge may also be allowing the aerofoil to create a high coefficient of lift while avoiding creating an unsteady flow. It does this by having a sharp edge at the end of the upper surface that causes keeps the flow from detaching until it reaches this corner. The earlier detaching of flow with the thin trailing edge results in a more horizontal wake This wake then isn’t able to keep the flow from the gap between the elements pressed along the flap. This then causes that flow to separate from the flap creating the instability. This shows that the more downward wake of the thick trailing edge main element helps ensure that the flow through the gap remains attached to the flap, allowing the flap to be at a more aggressive angle while avoiding unstable flow, increasing the coefficient of lift.



	~~[[File:4882velocity.png\|thumb\|Velocity flow over optimised aerofoil]]~~

File:MainAflapAP.png

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 15:03:41 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:MainAflapAP.png

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File:InputsFlapA.png

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 15:03:34 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:InputsFlapA.png

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File:FlapA.png

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 15:03:24 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:FlapA.png

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Masters Project

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 14:16:37 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:16, 21 September 2026
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	This project focussed on the development and deployment of an optimisation toolchain for maximising the performance of an airborne wind energy system. Airborne wind energy system have the potential to access stronger and more consistent high-altitude wind resources while requiring significantly less material than conventional wind turbines. The toolchain aims to optimise the performance of the aerofoil by maximising the lift generated to maximise the power the system can generate.		This project focussed on the development and deployment of an optimisation toolchain for maximising the performance of an airborne wind energy system. Airborne wind energy system have the potential to access stronger and more consistent high-altitude wind resources while requiring significantly less material than conventional wind turbines. The toolchain aims to optimise the performance of the aerofoil by maximising the lift generated to maximise the power the system can generate.

			Through this work I developed some of the following skills:

			* Simulation-driven design
			* Computational Fluid Dynamics
			* High performance computing and Linux
			* Data Analysis
			* Critical evaluatation of model assumptions
			* Report writing and communicating technical concepts


	=== Background ===		=== Background ===
	Airborne wind energy uses a tethered aircraft to create electricity while avoiding the large material costs of conventional wind turbines. Drag powered kites which are the focus of this study having a tethered kite with onboard generators, the kite aerofoil allows it to fly crosswind at high speeds increasing the relative wind speed at the turbines. There are several companies working on designs, most are in concept stages with a few that have built some prototypes such as Makani which are now defunct and Kitekraft.		Airborne wind energy uses a tethered aircraft to create electricity while avoiding the large material costs of conventional wind turbines. Drag powered kites which are the focus of this study having a tethered kite with onboard generators, the kite aerofoil allows it to fly crosswind at high speeds increasing the relative wind speed at the turbines. There are several companies working on designs, most are in concept stages with a few that have built some prototypes such as Makani which are now defunct and Kitekraft.

	The understanding on the topic for many years was that the power generated by the system is proportional to the coefficient of lift cubed divided by the equivalent coefficient of drag squared, so by optimising the glide ratio which is the ratio of the two coefficients, you would maximise power. Recent research done by Bauer in TU Munich who was working closely with the company kitekraft showed that when the drag forces of other parts of the system, in particular the tether drag is included the previous research ~~is not always valid~~. In the case where the tether drag is dominant the power generated is proportional to the coefficient of lift squared and should be optimised for. There have been very limited studies on the optimisation of ~~airfoils~~ for airborne wind energy with even fewer optimising multi element high lift aerofoils aiming to maximise the CL which is the focus of my project.		The understanding on the topic for many years was that the power generated by the system is proportional to the coefficient of lift cubed divided by the equivalent coefficient of drag squared,
			<math display="block">P \propto \frac{C_L^3}{C_D^2}</math>

			so by optimising the glide ratio which is the ratio of the two coefficients, you would maximise power.
			<math display="block"> E =\frac{C_L}{C_D}</math>
			<br>
			<math display="block">P \propto E C_L</math>

			Recent research done by Bauer in TU Munich who was working closely with the company kitekraft showed that when the drag forces of other parts of the system, in particular the tether drag is included the glide ratio of the aerofoil is less important as previous research suggested. In the case where the tether drag is dominant the power generated is proportional to the coefficient of lift of the aerofoil squared and should be optimised for as the drag component of the aerofoil has little effect. There have been very limited studies on the optimisation of aerofoils for airborne wind energy with even fewer optimising multi element high lift aerofoils aiming to maximise the <math display="inline">C_L</math> which is the focus of my project.

	This project built on work done a previous masters project and code developed by TU Munich and Kitekraft. The toolchain uses octave to run the optimisation with the CFD analysis using simplefoam in OpenFOAM. My work focused on incorporating geometric design parameterisation, so allowing the toolchain to create its own aerofoil geometry that it can modify to optimise its performance. Then to update the toolchain to allow it to be run on high performance computing using that to optimise the performance of a multi element aerofoil for use in an airborne wind energy system.		This project built on work done a previous masters project and code developed by TU Munich and Kitekraft. The toolchain uses octave to run the optimisation with the CFD analysis using simplefoam in OpenFOAM. My work focused on incorporating geometric design parameterisation, so allowing the toolchain to create its own aerofoil geometry that it can modify to optimise its performance. Then to update the toolchain to allow it to be run on high performance computing using that to optimise the performance of a multi element aerofoil for use in an airborne wind energy system.

	=== Toolchain ~~Updates~~ ===		=== Toolchain ===
			The optimisation algorithm used is the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) implemented in Octave by Nikolaus Hansen. It creates a set of parameters to be evaluated by the objective function, it passes these parameters along with some static inputs to the objective function.
			[[File:overviewFlowChart.png\|300px\|centre]]
	[[File:bezier.jpg\|thumb\|Bezier Parsec Geometry Paremeterisation system used]]		[[File:bezier.jpg\|thumb\|Bezier Parsec Geometry Paremeterisation system used]]
	The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier Parsec parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry. ~~Then it~~ runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated.		The objective function takes a set of input parameters from the optimiser and returns their performance. The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier Parsec parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry.
			The objective then runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated. The CFD simulation uses a tool called SnappyHexMesh that creates a mesh with automatic refinement around the aerofoils, including creating surface layers on the aerofoil to ensure the simulation correctly models the boundary layer. The model uses the SimpleFOAM soliving utility, it is a steady state, incompressible flow solver using the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm. The k-ω SST turbulence model is also used with the solver.
			[[File:Mesh.png\|500px\|centre]]

	~~[[File:overviewFlowChart~~.~~png\|300px\|centre]]~~		Through the irish centre for high end computing, access was obtained to the national supercomputer which is currently hosted on the meluxina supercomputer in Luxembourg. Some updates to the toolchain had to be made to allow it to be run on the supercomputer such as changing the utilities used to create the STL files.

	Through the irish centre for high end computing, access was obtained to the national supercomputer which is currently hosted on the meluxina supercomputer in Luxembourg. Some updates to the toolchain had to be made to allow it to be run on the supercomputer such as changing the utilities used to create the STL files. To take advantage of the 256 threads on each compute node, the toolchain was updated to allow it to run 32 instances of the objective function simultaneously. It does this by using a wrapper function to create multiple instances of the objective function for each generation of the optisation. Each instance of the objective function has 8 threads that it can use to run the CFD solver in parallel.		To take advantage of the 256 threads on each compute node, the toolchain was updated to allow it to run 32 instances of the objective function simultaneously. It does this by using a wrapper function to create multiple instances of the objective function for each generation of the optisation. Each instance of the objective function has 8 threads that it can use to run the CFD solver in parallel. The CFD domain is split into 8 subdomains that can be meshed and solved on their own thread.

	[[File:Parallelisation.png\|500px\|centre]]		[[File:Parallelisation.png\|500px\|centre]]

	=== Results ===		=== Results ===
			I ran multiple optimisation runs with various sets of input parameters available to the toolchain.

			The first optimisation that I ran was optimising the flap angle and position with a fixed main angle of attack. The optimiser trended towards geometry that created unsteady flow behind the flap that the solver was unable to converge on invalidating the results. This was overcome by adding penalties to the objective function for when the geometry does not converge. This allowed the optimiser to converge on this geometry with a lift coefficient of 2.2.

			The main element angle of attack was added as an additional degree of freedom to the problem. The toolchain originally converged on a geometry with the flap in front of the main element and with a lower <math>C_L</math>. This shows that CMAES is susceptible to selecting the wrong initial basin in its search and can struggle to switch. By increasing the optimisers population size and more careful constraints the optimiser created the geometry shown which has a much higher <math>C_L</math> of 2.6.

			I ran the toolchain to optimise the shape of the main aerofoil and the flap angle and position. It resulted in a design with a coefficient of lift of 3.3 and a relatively high coefficient of drag of 0.16. It has arranged the elements in a similar way to the previous optimisation but it has created the very blunt trailing edge which helps develop the wake. In some optimisations I ran for the glide ratio it instead created an extremely sharp trailing edge

			The flow at the top of the leading edge is very fast at more than 2.5 times the freestream velocity, it also has a bump in the camber line on the main element where the flow detaches from the element on the top surface. The gap is between the two elements is slightly bigger than the previous optimisation resulting in a thicker flow over the flap.

			When the parameterisation of the main element shape was included in the optimisation, it created a very blunt trailing edge by increasing the gap between the trailing edge of the thickness curve and the 𝑋 axis. This parameter is not intended as a method of creating a blunt trailing edge but to prevent zero thickness on the trailing edge which can cause issues in some applications. A better method would be to incorporate some additional parameterisation system on the trailing edge as it is clear it has a significant impact on the performance of the geometry. The current optimisation is restricted to a flat surface on the trailing edge but the optimal design may actually have a more rounded profile or complex profile which is not possible with Bezier Parsec Parameterisation.

			When the trailing edge thickness was decreased it created unsteady flow. This indicates that the thicker trailing edge may also be allowing the aerofoil to create a high coefficient of lift while avoiding creating an unsteady flow. It does this by having a sharp edge at the end of the upper surface that causes keeps the flow from detaching until it reaches this corner. The earlier detaching of flow with the thin trailing edge results in a more horizontal wake This wake then isn’t able to keep the flow from the gap between the elements pressed along the flap. This then causes that flow to separate from the flap creating the instability. This shows that the more downward wake of the thick trailing edge main element helps ensure that the flow through the gap remains attached to the flap, allowing the flap to be at a more aggressive angle while avoiding unstable flow, increasing the coefficient of lift.



	[[File:4882velocity.png\|thumb\|Velocity flow over optimised aerofoil]]		[[File:4882velocity.png\|thumb\|Velocity flow over optimised aerofoil]]

File:Mesh.png

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 10:07:30 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:Mesh.png

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MediaWiki:Sidebar

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 08:58:14 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:58, 21 September 2026
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	** mainpage\|mainpage-description		** mainpage\|mainpage-description
	** Masters Project\|Masters Project		** Masters Project\|Masters Project
			** Mountaineering Club\|Mountaineering Club
	** recentchanges-url\|recentchanges		** recentchanges-url\|recentchanges
	** randompage-url\|randompage		** randompage-url\|randompage

MediaWiki:Sidebar

Aodhan — Mon, 21 Sep 2026 08:57:20 GMT

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Masters Project

Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:50:22 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 18 September 2026
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	=== Toolchain Updates ===		=== Toolchain Updates ===
	The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier ~~parsec~~ parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry. Then it runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated		[[File:bezier.jpg\|thumb\|Bezier Parsec Geometry Paremeterisation system used]]
			The main update to the toolchain was the creation of a new objective function that implemented geometry parameterisation. It uses Bezier Parsec parameterisation to create the airfoil geometry. This works by creating a thickness and camber curve from 2 Bezier curves each. The control points of the Bezier curves are calculated from a set of geometry related input parameters such as thickness, the inside angle of the trailing edge and the radius of the leading edge. The curves are processed to turn them into the coordinates of the airfoil and then saved as an STL file to be used in OpenFoam. The objective function runs some checks on the geometry to ensure the elements are not intersecting or the parameterisation created impossible geometry. Then it runs the CFD analysis in Openfoam and returns the coefficient of lift calculated.

			[[File:overviewFlowChart.png\|300px\|centre]]

	Through the irish centre for high end computing, access was obtained to the national supercomputer which is currently hosted on the meluxina supercomputer in Luxembourg. Some updates to the toolchain had to be made to allow it to be run on the supercomputer such as changing the utilities used to create the STL files. To take advantage of the 256 threads on each compute node, the toolchain was updated to allow it to run 32 instances of the objective function simultaneously. It does this by using a wrapper function to create multiple instances of the objective function for each generation of the optisation. Each instance of the objective function has 8 threads that it can use to run the CFD solver in parallel.		Through the irish centre for high end computing, access was obtained to the national supercomputer which is currently hosted on the meluxina supercomputer in Luxembourg. Some updates to the toolchain had to be made to allow it to be run on the supercomputer such as changing the utilities used to create the STL files. To take advantage of the 256 threads on each compute node, the toolchain was updated to allow it to run 32 instances of the objective function simultaneously. It does this by using a wrapper function to create multiple instances of the objective function for each generation of the optisation. Each instance of the objective function has 8 threads that it can use to run the CFD solver in parallel.

			[[File:Parallelisation.png\|500px\|centre]]

	=== Results ===		=== Results ===
	[[File:4882velocity.png\|thumb\|Velocity flow over optimised aerofoil]]		[[File:4882velocity.png\|thumb\|Velocity flow over optimised aerofoil]]

File:Bezier.jpg

Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:44:05 GMT

Aodhan uploaded File:Bezier.jpg

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File:OverviewFlowChart.png

Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:42:18 GMT

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Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:41:16 GMT

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Masters Project

Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:36:57 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:36, 18 September 2026
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	=== Results ===		=== Results ===
			[[File:4882velocity.png\|thumb\|Velocity flow over optimised aerofoil]]

Main Page

Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:30:42 GMT

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	=== University club and society committees ===		=== University club and society committees ===
	''2021 – present''		''2021 – present''
	* Captain of the mountaineering club: led the committee and was responsible for running the largest club in the university.		* Captain of the [[Mountaineering Club\|mountaineering club]]: led the committee and was responsible for running the largest club in the university.
	* Organised events including international trips, training courses and weekly activities.		* Organised events including international trips, training courses and weekly activities.
	* Created operating procedures for climbing and carried out risk assessments to ensure events are safe.		* Created operating procedures for climbing and carried out risk assessments to ensure events are safe.

Mountaineering Club

Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:28:02 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 18 September 2026
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	=== Captain ===		=== Captain ===
	''2025-2026''		''2025-2026''
			The Captain is responsible for ensuring the whole club runs smoothly, leading the rest of the committee and as a liason with the sports unit.

			I learnt a lot about managing a team in this role and how to create an environment that is fun and welcoming for everyone to work together as a team.

	=== Equipment Officer ===		=== Equipment Officer ===

Mountaineering Club

Aodhan — Fri, 18 Sep 2026 21:21:18 GMT

Created page with "The University of Galway Mountaineering Club is one of the oldest and the largest club in the University. Founded in 1970 it has more than 400 paid members every year. The club organises weekly hikes in Connemara and operates the climbing wall in the Kingfisher Gym on the University Campus. The club organises several trips every year typically one main trip a semester to somewhere in Ireland or to Wales. With additional trips being organised some years such as Winter tri..."

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The University of Galway Mountaineering Club is one of the oldest and the largest club in the University. Founded in 1970 it has more than 400 paid members every year. The club organises weekly hikes in Connemara and operates the climbing wall in the Kingfisher Gym on the University Campus. The club organises several trips every year typically one main trip a semester to somewhere in Ireland or to Wales. With additional trips being organised some years such as Winter trips to Scotland and smaller trips around Ireland.

The club also organises the Maamturks Challenge which is one of the most popular hillwalking events in the country. This is organised by a subcommittee which I have also been on and led several times.

== Committee Roles ==

=== Captain ===
''2025-2026''

=== Equipment Officer ===
''2024-2025''
The Equipment Officer inspects, maintains, replaces and procures all the club's equipment. This is especially important for climbing equipment which is critical to safety. As equipment officer I set up a new selfhosted database that allows equipment to be signed out to people with it automatically sending email notifications to the borrower. It allows the history of the equipment to be tracked such as when it was bought, who used it and when and the equipment's current condition.

I also acquired funding from the Sports Unit for €5k to be invested in the club's equipment to replace gear that was past its reccomended lifespan and buy new equipment to allow the club to organise more activities and increase safety.

=== Climbing Vice Captain ===
''2023-2024''

The Climbing VC is responsible for all climbing in the club. This primarily involves managing the climbing wall which includes
* Organising training of new members
* Training and assessing new climbing instructors
* Organising taking down the holds and setting new routes twice a year
* Maintenance of the Climbing wall

The other part of the job is organising outdoor climbing trips for the club which involves
* Organising training courses for members to upskill
* Planning outdoor climbing trips
* Responsible for safety and the organisation of outdoor climbing on trips

=== Secretary ===
''2022-2023''

In this role I was responsible for all email correspondence and moved our document storage to shared drives to ensure all committee members could access documents instead of storing them in personal drives.

I also took minutes for the weekly committee meeting as well as assisting other committee members with their responsibilities.

== Webmaster ==

As an additional voluntary role I have been part of the team responsible for maintaining and developing the clubs digital presence. We have a number of websites/web services that are all self hosted:
* Club main website
* Webstore where we sell tickets to events
* Club Wiki similar to this
* Club email system
* Database of climbing assessments
* Equipment database as previously mentioned

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:11, 23 September 2026
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	// Edit these ranges/defaults to match your actual optimisation bounds.		// Edit these ranges/defaults to match your actual optimisation bounds.
	const PARAMS = [		const PARAMS = [
	{ key: 'xt', label: 'xₜ ~~— thickness join~~', min: 0.05, max: 0.95, step: 0.005, value: 0.25 },		{ key: 'xt', label: 'xₜ', min: 0.05, max: 0.95, step: 0.005, value: 0.25 },
	{ key: 'yt', label: 'yₜ ~~— thickness join~~', min: 0.00, max: 0.15, step: 0.001, value: 0.03 },		{ key: 'yt', label: 'yₜ', min: 0.05, max: 0.5, step: 0.001, value: 0.03 },
	{ key: 'xc', label: 'x꜀ ~~— camber join~~', min: 0.05, max: 0.95, step: 0.005, value: 0.40 },		{ key: 'xc', label: 'x꜀', min: 0.05, max: 0.95, step: 0.005, value: 0.40 },
	{ key: 'yc', label: 'y꜀ ~~— camber join~~', min: -0.10, max: 0.15, step: 0.001, value: 0.02 },		{ key: 'yc', label: 'y꜀', min: -0.10, max: 0.2, step: 0.001, value: 0.02 },
	{ key: 'rle', label: 'rₗₑ ~~— leading-edge radius~~', min: 0.001, max: 0.20, step: 0.001, value: 0.03 },		{ key: 'rle', label: 'rₗₑ', min: 0.001, max: 0.20, step: 0.001, value: 0.03 },
	{ key: 'dzte', label: 'Δzₜₑ ~~— TE thickness offset~~', min: -0.10, max: 0.10, step: 0.001, value: 0.00 },		{ key: 'dzte', label: 'Δzₜₑ', min: -0.10, max: 0.10, step: 0.001, value: 0.00 },
	{ key: 'zte', label: 'zₜₑ ~~— TE camber~~', min: -0.10, max: 0.15, step: 0.001, value: 0.00 },		{ key: 'zte', label: 'zₜₑ', min: -0.10, max: 0.15, step: 0.001, value: 0.00 },
	{ key: 'betate', label: 'βₜₑ ~~— TE thickness angle~~', min: -45, max: 45, step: 0.5, value: 0 },		{ key: 'betate', label: 'βₜₑ', min: -45, max: 45, step: 0.5, value: 0 },
	{ key: 'gammale', label: 'γₗₑ ~~— LE camber angle~~', min: -45, max: 45, step: 0.5, value: 5 },		{ key: 'gammale', label: 'γₗₑ', min: -45, max: 45, step: 0.5, value: 5 },
	{ key: 'alphate', label: 'αₜₑ ~~— TE camber angle~~', min: -45, max: 45, step: 0.5, value: 0 },		{ key: 'alphate', label: 'αₜₑ', min: -45, max: 45, step: 0.5, value: 0 },
	{ key: 'b0', label: 'b₀', min: 0.00, max: 0.30, step: 0.005, value: 0.05 },		{ key: 'b0', label: 'b₀', min: 0.00, max: 0.30, step: 0.005, value: 0.05 },
	{ key: 'b2', label: 'b₂', min: 0.00, max: 0.60, step: 0.005, value: 0.20 },		{ key: 'b2', label: 'b₂', min: 0.00, max: 0.60, step: 0.005, value: 0.20 },